Bird decline, insect decline and neonicotinoids

Volgens de gegevens van het Nederlands Centrum voor Bijenonderzoek waren er in 2009 in Nederland ongeveer 7000 imkers die naar schatting 63.000 bijenvolken hielden. In 1985 waren er nog ongeveer 110.000 bijenvolken in Nederland. Het aantal volken honingbijen in Nederland is sinds 1985 dus bijna gehalveerd. De verwachting is dat het aantal bijenvolken in de komende jaren nog verder zal dalen. Chronische blootstelling van bijenvolken aan bestrijdingsmiddelen en met name aan de neonicotinoïde insecticiden (door besmetting van stuifmeel en nectar) is de oorzaak van de verhoogde bijenvolksterfte van de laatste jaren (die een bedreiging vormt voor de globale voedselproductie). Residuen van bestrijdingsmiddelen waaronder imidacloprid werden in grote getale teruggevonden in alle matrices van het honingbijenvolk (bijen, broed, honing, stuifmeel, propolis, was) in omvangrijke onderzoeken in Frankrijk, Duitsland en de Verenigde Staten. De toxicologen Henk Tennekes en Francisco Sánchez-Bayo ontdekten grote overeenkomsten in het dosis-werkingsprofiel van kankerverwekkende stoffen en neonicotinoide insecticiden, die er op wijzen dat een veilig blootstellingsniveau voor neonicotinoiden bij insecten en andere geleedpotigen in feite niet bestaat, en dat iedere hoeveelheid giftig is voor deze organismen.

„Bienensterben“, so lautete der Titel eines kurzfristig (am 11.01.2012) einberufenen Imkergipfels, der jüngst in der riesigen Produktionshalle von Stefan Mandl, mit ca. 3000 Völkern einer der wenigen Großimker in Wien/Niederösterreich, stattfand. Der Andrang ist enorm, Bienenhalter aus Niederösterreich, dem Burgenland, Wien und auch aus Oberösterreich und der Steiermark sind gekommen. Wobei nach den ersten Situationsberichten die Wurzel des Übels bald ausgemacht wird: Im Wald, in Schrebergärtengebieten und höheren Lagen hat es keine Verluste gegeben – gravierende Schäden wurden eindeutig in der Nachbarschaft bäuerlicher Agrarwirtschaft konstatiert. Das heißt: An der Varroamilbe, deren Bekämpfung zum Jahresablauf jedes Imkers gehört, kann es nicht liegen.

Pesticides have major indirect effects on birds via the killing of both invertebrates important for food and also agricultural weeds which provide seed resources and also cover for invertebrates. Several pieces of evidence support the negative relationship between insecticide spraying and vital rates of farmland bird populations. Probably the best example comes from a fully replicated study of the grey partridge (Perdix perdix L.). This study showed that pesticide spraying affected the invertebrate food of partridge chicks, which was correlated with chick survival, and was the main cause of population decline. More recent examples come from another farmland bird specialist, the yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella). A study showed that arable fields sprayed during the summer were used less frequently than fields not sprayed during the summer by adult yellowhammers foraging for food for their young. The availability of arthropods was depressed up to 20 days after an insecticide spraying event and this negatively affected yellowhammer chick survival. Both herbicide spraying and fungicide spraying have also been shown to be negatively correlated with invertebrate populations and weed populations and so these are also likely to negatively affect farmland bird populations.

We compared the structure (abundance, species richness, and diversity) of breeding bird communities in 15 apple orchards in southeastern France under conventional or organic pest control over a three-year period (2003–2005). We observed 30 bird species overall. Bird abundance, species richness, and diversity were all affected by pest control strategies, and were highest in organic orchards and lowest in conventional orchards during the three study years. The pest control strategy affected insectivores more than granivores.

We grow flowers in our gardens for our own enjoyment. But colour and perfume are really the plants’ way of advertising themselves to insects. Sweet nectar and protein-rich pollen are bait to encourage insects to visit. In return, pollen is carried from one flower to another on their bodies so the flowers are fertilised. Bees are among the most beneficial insects for a garden. The best way to attract them to your garden is to provide them with some of their favourite plants such as lavender, foxgloves, rosemary, sunflowers and bluebells. Flowers with long narrow petal tubes, such as evening primrose and honeysuckle, are visited by moths and butterflies. Only their long tongues can reach deep down to the hidden nectar. Short-tongued insects include many families of flies and some moths. They can only reach nectar in flowers with short florets. Hoverflies, wasps, ladybirds, lacewings, ground beetles and centipedes are the gardener’s friends and will help control garden pests such as aphids and caterpillars. Insects such as spiders, mites, millipedes, sow bugs, ants, springtails and beetles inhabit the soil food web in the uppermost 2 to 8 inches of soil. They participate in decomposing plant and animal residue, cycling nutrients, creating soil structure and controlling the populations of other soil organisms, including harmful crop pests. Decaying organic matter in soil is the source of energy and nutrients for garden vegetables and ornamental plants. By growing flowers attractive to a range of insects, our gardens can also become important feeding stations for bats, hedgehogs, birds and other wildlife. The most important factor when encouraging wildlife into your garden is not to use insecticides.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of pesticides on neurobehavioral performances in French vineyard workers. 929 Workers affiliated to the health insurance system for farmers in the Bordeaux area of south-western France were enrolled in the study in 1997–1998. They were contacted for a first follow-up in 2001–2003. Participants completed a questionnaire and nine neurobehavioral tests. They were classified according to their life-long pesticide exposure, as directly exposed, indirectly exposed or non-exposed. Educational level, age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking, psychotropic drug use and depressive symptoms were taken into account in the analysis. 614 subjects were available for investigation at follow-up. Follow-up analysis confirmed that the risk of obtaining a low performance on the tests was higher in exposed subjects, with ORs ranging from 1.35 to 5.60. Evolution of performances over the follow-up period demonstrated that exposed subjects had the worst decreases in performance. The risk of having a two-point lower score on the Mini-Mental State Examination was 2.15 (95% CI 1.18 to 3.94) in exposed subjects. These results suggest long-term cognitive effects of chronic exposure to pesticides and raise the issue of the risk of evolution towards dementia. The study is the first to provide prospective data on the natural history of neurological disorders associated with pesticide exposure.

Het gebruik van insecticiden en fungiciden heeft een doorslaggevend negatief effect op wilde planten- en diersoorten in de Europese akkerbouwgebieden. In een onderzoek van Wageningen UR en acht andere Europese universiteiten komt naar voren dat een verdubbeling van de agrarische productie leidt tot een halvering van het aantal wilde plantensoorten. Kevers en broedvogels gaan er met een derde op achteruit. Het internationale onderzoeksteam onderzocht in negen gebieden in West- en Oost-Europa steeds 150 percelen van dertig akkerbouwbedrijven. De onderzoekers maten 23 eigenschappen van het gebruik van het perceel en van het omringende landschap. Hiertoe behoren onder meer de afwisseling van het landschap, de mate van bemesting en de toepassing van chemische bestrijdingsmiddelen, zoals insecticiden en fungiciden. De analyses brachten eenduidig aan het licht dat de toepassing van insecticiden en fungiciden de enige variabelen waren die consistente, steeds weer terugkerende negatieve effecten hadden op de soortendiversiteit van planten, loopkevers en vogels.

During the past 120 years, a large number of natural enemies has been collected and evaluated for use in augmentative biological control programmes. Particularly during the last 30 years many efficient species have been identified and currently at least 230 species are commercially available globally. Today, the commercial biological control industry is well organized, has developed mass production, shipment and release methods as well as adequate guidance for farmers. The industry has intensively collaborated with the public research sector in design of quality control programmes, which are applied during natural enemy production and shipment. The industry also cooperated in preparing environmental risk assessment methods for biological control agents. In several areas of agriculture augmentative biological control has obtained considerable successes and is now a reliable and appreciated element of IPM programmes. Despite all this progress, augmentative biological control is applied on a frustratingly small acreage.

Na het meten op 630 punten, treffen de waterschappen van Noordoost-Nederland 60 procent van de gebruikte gewasbeschermingsmiddelen in het water aan. Daarvan overschrijdt 40 procent van de middelen de norm.

Onder de meest aangetroffen stoffen horen onder meer Metribuzin, Metolachoor, Imidacloprid, Dimethoaat en Azoxystrobin. „De stoffen zijn vooral schadelijk voor het waterleven", zegt Michiel Oudendijk van Waterschap Zuiderzeeland. „Daarnaast maakt de vervuiling het zuiveren van het water voor drinkwater een kostbare zaak."

"Un Pacte Toxique" (Editions Amalthée), écrit par Christian Pacteau et préfacé par François RAMADE, soutenu par François Veillerette (MDRGF), et Allain Bougrain Dubourg (LPO) dresse un tableau global de la contamination par les substances chimiques, dont les pesticides, des différentes sources de ces substances, des voies de dissémination, des effets toxiques à court et à long terme (sublétaux) et indirects sur la faune sauvage, notamment la faune ordinaire en déclin. Il s'attache à examiner autant les conséquences sur la santé humaine que sur la biodiversité.
Plus généralement, il examine les fondements de l'établissement des "Normes" qui en autorisent les usages. Il examine, en particulier, le principe "d'innocuité des faibles doses" et de son "rôle (supposé) protecteur" de la santé publique, retoutable mystification scientifique.